A Girl or A Boy . . . You Pick essays

A Girl or A Boy . . . You Pick essays In the July 23, 2002 issue of the Los Angeles Times Newspaper, there was an article entitled "A Girl or a Boy, You Pick" written by Aaron Zitner. The article discusses the embryo-sorting technique called pre-implantation genetic diagnosis or "PGD" and how embryo sorting makes it possible to screen for gender and diseases prior to implantation in the uterus. In the article, the author brings up some of the ethical questions PGD raises with regard to the embryos no one wants. Is it proper to discard an embryo based on its genes or gender? Which lives are not worth living? Who decides? In this paper I will argue against embryo selection for these reasons: First of all, PGD is the ultimate form of discrimination, a discrimination based on the very building blocks of a person's life; secondly if PGD technology was available and used years ago the world more than likely would have lost the great ideals and works of contributors with genetically acquired disabilities. In the last few years a genetic basis has been discovered not just for various illnesses, but for such behavioral traits as shyness, sexual promiscuity, musical ability, risk-taking and over-eating and in the future it may be possible to select for genes that contribute to higher IQ, better eyesight, etc. PGD allows parents to specify that their children will not suffer from any "defects". But by who's standard do we define "defects"? Where do we draw the line? Isn't this genetic selection process the ultimate form of discrimination? Many parents will leap at the chance to make their children smarter, healthier and prettier and the ethical concerns will be overshadowed by the promise of creating better children. I believe that almost every parent would choose to genetically engineer their child when presented the question "Do you want to tamper with nature or would you rather leave your offspring to chance?" The way I see it, utilizing PGD technology to order ...

Case Study On Tesco Plc

Case Study On Tesco Plc Free Online Research Papers Tesco is one of the Leading food retailers in Ireland and United Kingdom. Tesco’s annual sales are moving through $5 billion and Tesco’s online grocery stores Tesco.com is one of the leading consumer service in online internationally with not less than 1 million customers and with 240,000 orders completed a week. Tesco was founded by Jack Cohen in 1919 located at East London. Company’s management was moving forward by the two key people, they are Sir Terry Leahy – Chief Executive and David Reid – Chairman. Tesco’s plc has an ultimate product ranges few are Groceries, Telecoms, Financial services and Consumer goods. The total Revenue of the company is up to 2009 is  £ 54.3 billion and the Operating income was  £ 3,128 million up to 2009. Tesco’s net income is  £ 3,090 million up to 2009. Over all the has a approximate + 440,000 employees world wide and nearly 2300 stores up to the financial year of 2009. Tesco has some subsidiaries like Tesco Ireland limited, Tesco Stores limited and Tesco Personal finance are the main business lines. 2. Background of Tesco: Tesco was founded by Jack Cohen in 1919, at that time he is going to sell groceries in East end of London from a stall. The first brand of Tesco was entered in market on 1924. Jack Cohen bought whole goods of Tea in the long years from T.E Stockwell. Then he made of new labels to the company using the three first labels of suppliers’ name as TES. The CO was formed by the first two letters. Because of that the name was formed as â€Å"TESCO†. In Burnt Oak, Edgware, Middlesex the first Store of Tesco was opened in 1929. The stock exchange entrance was held as Tesco stores limited in 1947 at London Stock Exchange. In 1951, the first self service store was opened which is formally known as Metro and in 1956, the first supermarket was launched. During the years Tesco was expanded their business throughout overseas. 3. History and Growth Chart of Tesco: Business Growth Year Jack Cohen founded Tesco 1919 (East end of London First day sale $8 and Profit $2) Owned nearly 800 Companies 1950-1960 Purchased Williamsons Stores (70) 1957 Purchased Harrow Stores outlets (200) 1959 Purchased Irwins stores (212) 1960 Purchased Charles Phillips stores (97) 1964 Purchased Victor value chain 1968 Annual market sales reached  £1 billion 1979 Annual market sales exceed  £2 billion 1982 Sold Victor value chain to Bejam 1986 Achieve the number one position in food retailing 1995 Launched Tesco.com 2000 Deal with Safeway 2001 Launched clothing â€Å"Cherokee† 2002 First major music download market (Tesco.com) 2004 Announces profits (annual)  £1 billion 2005 Enter into non food retailing 2005 Tied up with Royal bank of Scotland 2008 Tesco’s net income  £3,090 million 2009 5. Strategic Decision or an Optimistic one? : Tesco is a leading retailer in UK as well as Overseas. The Decision of the Tesco is depends upon the UK Economy, Market Position of RBS and Financial Crisis of 2008/09. These are he leading points of the company’s Decision. It is really a strategic decision why so it is the right planning to get growth in the business lines. The way of operating business can get the good results in financial phases. Tesco’s Strategic Decision in Finance: Tesco has taken a very good Decision why because, When ever the financial crisis is running, then the market values will be in down and it is the right time to get into the business line and later on we can grow our business through success path in future. Tesco is pushing into the move of consumer banking as a fully launched bank. Because of the competition from the street banks, Tesco was planned to launch the basic bank accounts to the customers for the better way of service and tied up with Royal Bank of Scotland. Tesco has the capability to maintain the insurance, car loans as the financial business lines in their own stores. This is the better way to service their customers towards the banking needs and save time as well. Tesco has planned to get the authorization from the financial services Authority. Tesco is challenging the street banks and the Insurance companies with their strategic decision and services offered by the company. The main thing is that, Tes co will maintain the true potential from the retailing services offered. Tesco was expertise that it can get  £500 million profit through the deal and it is approves by FSA. By this, it is a right decision to give customers consumer bank accounts. It will help the customers in a mean time. This will improve the business and it can make things easy and the profits will rise in growth. Due to these issues, Tesco is planned well and it is the strategic decision to move into the financial market. Tesco Finance Facts: Total Customers – 5.5 millions Bank Credit card accounts – 1.3 million Bank Savings Accounts- 3, 90,000 Credit card market share – 6.9 percent Number of ATM s in Tesco Stores – 2700 Percentage of Car Insurance market – 4.3 UK Economy: Europe’s largest financial center is London and one of the third biggest financial centers alongside Tokyo and New York. UK economy is based on the economies of Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales and England. After Germany and France, UK is the 6th largest economy in the world and the 3rd biggest in Europe. The UK dominated the trade internationally in 19th century. After the two world wars, Industry of the UK was declined and going Down in the base of business market issues. It posses every thing up to the 20th century as per the issues faced in the two world wars. In the national output, the only one 6th of the economy is a significant one in Manufacturing from UK. Market Position of RBS: In the British lands, the RBS (Royal bank of Scotland) is the major part in Insurance and banking. RBS was founded in the year 1727. Its head quarters are at Scotland, Edinburgh and United Kingdom. The Key people are Stephen Hester as CEO and Philip Hampton as Chairman. The revenue is  £49522 million as on 2008. The net income of the RBS was  £24137 million as on 2008 and finally the operating income was  £40,667 as on 2008. It is purely a financial based company which is going to serve in the area of financial services. From these information , RBS has a good market position and it can handle any financial crisis and the main thing is that the move in the financial services has to be good at strategies. Financial Crisis 2008-09: In the financial year of 2008-09, through out the world is in financial crisis and the most probable thing is 2008 April 22nd, RBS announced a right issue to raise the  £12billion in new capital of the purchase of ABN Amro. The bank has also announced that it has a great thing in the issues like divert the subsidiaries to raise further funds like insurance divisions. In this situation, the tie up with the RBS is the great thing to Tesco. It is a strategic decision of Tesco. 5. Strategic Approach of Tesco: Tesco is the biggest ultimate food retailing company in the world with nearly 2300 stores across world wide. Tesco operates the consumer banking facility to their customers and it operates on the non food sector. Tesco changed its strategy to change positions in 2008 for the corporate responsibility. Tesco has a build the three stair strategy for addressing the climate change in the company. The first objective is to reduce the GHG emissions from the operations of the own company. It has defined some legal plans for its carbon footprint. It is now reducing the reduction the plans and to committed transparent to achieve the specific goals. Tesco has a second objective that invest in a technology based era and set the work done with others and getting the profits. It is a better solution for the law carbon solutions. By this we can get the appropriate results with in a mean time. The third objective is to avail customers with the low carbon choices and the company y is ready for this type of the emissions. In this way the retailing companies can get the god result oriented business in international market. As per the Tesco retiling, the growth in the business is classified through five segments which described below. 1. Mainstay Growth in core UK: Tesco is one of the well established companies worldwide with profitable non food retailing in UK. It is bounded with the precious values of customers. Tesco has a significant growth in the core UK business with the employees of 280,000 and the stores of 21, 00. The group sales itself in growth coming from UK is 75 percent. A part from the food retailing, Tesco was started the non food retailing with the multi formats and it will help for the growth in the UK core business for Tesco and it is a very good change to improve the business needs of the company. It is one way to contribute the business needs to the United Kingdom. Tesco is providing the consumer needs in four ways of stores like Metro, Extra, Express, Homeplus and Superstore. By these stores Tesco is giving a successful business in UK and it’s a opportunity to increase sales better. 2. Convergent Business values: Convergent business values are the one way of approach to the community needs and it is an opportunity for the business growth. From this, Tesco is providing the more sufficient and suitable jobs and opportunities for those who are not in the community approach. It is one time profitability to the customers but Tesco is going to offer a life time loyalty to the customers in a better and significant way for the purpose of online community approach needs. It is going to be created a good will in the customers towards the company as well as the services offered by the company. Through the innovation and growth Tesco can do the better evolution in the market as well as in the company side too. Tesco is responsible to do the products in a healthy and a responsible way. 3. To be strong in non food: Tesco Is going to offer the different range of non food through the homeplus and extra stores. Tesco is providing the better non food through the stores for the needs of the customers in a better and flexible way. Tesco was started the Tesco Direct in 2006 for the better serving to the customer needs with 11,000 products and there are going to provide the delivery facility also. By providing this, customers are getting the better quality non food for the better prices including household things. Tesco is getting into the customers with a wide range of the clothing in the affordable way of service. It has the 27 centers to distribution and the 7 which they handle the non food and clothing ranges. Now there is a team for Tesco to operate the non food products internationally. By this way they are providing services to their customers in a better and a quality way. 4. Follow customers into new retailing services: Tesco is the one of the most powerful company in the non food retailing like personal finance. It was started the joint venture with the royal bank of Scotland. In the eve of that is has celebrated his 10th anniversary. Tesco is providing insurance and credit cards to their customers with affordable 26b new range products. According to the business news, they already announced as, they are getting the 50 % share holding in the Tesco personal finance with the agreement of RBS. By this Tesco is going to offer their customers to provide the better consumer needs. Tesco.com is the new way of providing service in online goods since 2000. Now the customers are buy online with the Tesco are one million. They are offered the better services like bag less. This year, Tesco is going to planned for better service in Ireland and south Korea. In mean while Tesco is providing mobile services like Tesco mobile from 2003 with a joint venture providing with O2. Now days it is the number o ne mobile network in UK customer service from 2008. 5) Overseas business growth: Overseas business growth is the main issue in the current financial era. It has the 30 percent of the stores in the outside of the United Kingdom and it is planning to make a better solution for the Tesco financial market. It is planning to make that 30 percent in the increased level of 45 percent by next year. It is a one type of expansion of central Europe and Asia. In this, Tesco was entered in the market in mid 90’s and now days it is going to operate the 12 markets outside the UK. It is a tremendous business plans for the growth of the company and to the share holders. It has 20 m customers and in overseas where they are getting totally  £700 m profit. In overseas markets in the every businesses has to be unique why so, by that way only we can invest in multi formats and get the good results by the financial year. It has a well established company and has a flexi brands to provide better service to the customers TASK -2 1. Tesco Capabilities and Resources to be Successful: Tesco Plc is one of the major food and non food retailing company in the world. Primarily it operates from the UK. Tesco operates nearly 2300 stores internationally, as per the Tesco the main major business growth is going on in rest of the UK. The business growth is well established in the rest of Europe and Asia continents. Tesco is providing the customers the great shopping facility through online and it is the most effective way to produce the internal and external process of online shopping. Tesco is operating through the multiple format stores like Express, Metro, Extra and Superstore. Tesco has an agreement with Royal bank of Scotland to expand the business in the financial market. Actually in the mean time of the financial crisis, the share values will be down and this is the right time to enter into the financial business and generate the good results with an appropriate strategies. 2. Tesco Financial Market Consumer Banking Competency: Tesco has a capability in the financial market to move forward with the continuous growth and the profitability. In the global market it has a million dollar position and now it can take a change to grown in the business of financial market. It is already combined with the RBS while getting the 50 percentage of share holding to improve the facilities to the customers towards the consumer banking. Consumer banking is one f the good idea to provide customers the flexi way of maintain the bank accounts. It is the most supervision pat of the Tesco. Tesco has a personal finance to meet the criteria of the financial market. Tesco is going to enable the various global retailing businesses towards the financial markets. In the process of the mean things, the global market is in down because of the financial crisis 2008-09. In the mean while it is an open offer to take the share holding in the RBS will give a good change to grow the business in the banking and financial sector also. With the motivation of the non food retailing, Tesco entered into the financial market with the successful efforts. Now the consumer banking is one of the major facilities, what the customer needs in every day of life. Tesco is going to provide the customers the loyalty to the lifetime. In the needs of the enthusiastic efforts of the Tesco in the financial market, it’s a good change to grow the business in overseas. 3. Tesco Profitable returns review: Tesco is a well branded company and it sells many products clothing, books, consumer goods and the only weaknesses are insurance and furniture. The competitor’s are focused in the specialized themes of the banking and insurance sectors due the growth in the financial market, but Tesco is not concentrating that much in the long back in that sectors. Now it has done with an agreement of RBS and now it is putting efforts in the financial market. There is so many challenges Tesco faced in the past years. Now it has a chance to grow the business towards the insurance and the financial sector in the global consumer banking facility. It has the most committed and the loyal staff to work under pressure and to bind with the company values. 4. Getting into Consumer Banking: Internationally there is financial crisis in the present market. It is the most advantage stage to get into the new business sector with enthusiastic strategies will get the ultimate profit in the financial field. Tesco is tied up with the RBS and the RBS is going to provide the card access and saving accounts services and Tesco is going to be operated the insurance, car loans etc consumer needs. Business growth is the main theme in the financial sector, where we can get more profitable returns through needful strategies. Due to consumer banking, in he present financial market the returns will get less and the product ability will increase in hike. Once get into the Consumer banking, the things will definitely change due to the services offering to customer as per their needs and loyalty. This is the right time to move into financial banking sector in UK to get profitable returns as well as company growth. 5. Tesco SWOT Analysis: What is SWOT? : SWOT is nothing but the Technical term which we will use frequently in the Marketing sector. SWOT is known as Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunity and Threats. Why SWOT? : SWOT will describe the current market position of the company and the capabilities of the company. When SWOT? Whenever you want to know about the present company position, market values, capabilities to expansion then we will make an analysis review through SWOT. It is called as SWOT analysis. Based on the review we can able to take the appropriate action towards the company growth and expansion of the business. Organization Background: Tesco plc is the world’s biggest retailing company. Its major primary business of food retailing is operates from UK. Tesco operates nearly 2300 superstores, convenience and supermarkets in the UK and the rest of Asia and Europe. Tesco offers financial products like banking services and insurance, as well as telecommunication products and electrical appliances products. i) Strengths: Growth in market share: Tesco holds the 13 percent overall market shares in the UK retailing market. The growth in the share market comes with the multi formats in the food retailing. Tesco has sufficient funds and has a capability to run the business in multi formats. These will get the profits and increasing the market share and by that including space availability and contribution, hypermarkets have a possibility to move forward in higher shares in the non food retailing. There is no sign of reduction in the growth of Tesco’s general retailing and ROI. In The late 2002 of Tesco’s investment through affordable efforts in west mild lands based store market group T and S was billed as the most antagonistic move into the neighborhood business market by a name of big retailer so far. This deal makes Tesco as the biggest convenience store in UK ranked as second after the co operative business group and it is going to open nearly 59 new stores in UK this year. Tesco’s non food retailing division has grown in the extent where the total 23 percent in its group incomes. Tesco’s overseas business in a hike position and it is growing in a periodical manner and it can get up with the group profits over next five years. If international market was good then it is a way to assume the result of continuous growth in Tesco’s provincial strength. Financial Insurance Sector: In motor insurance of public revenue 2003, Tesco has reached one million policies. That makes Tesco as the fastest well provider of motor insurance growing company ever. Tesco offered to the Clubcard holders to get the holiday insurance at checkouts through instant travel insurance. Over 330,000 dogs and cats get covered by pet insurance. Last year Tesco has reached the milestones of life insurance. Tesco get the most spirited life insurance provider in the Moneyfacts awards of 2003. Tesco’s online market: Tesco was started Tesco.com as the biggest online supermarket. This year the sales are grown up and this year it made sales of  £577 m with the profitable increase in sales of 29 percent compared to last year. Tesco online stores are now operating in country with nearly 270 stores where it is covered 96 percent of United Kingdom. By this unbelievable one million customers using consumer goods facility through online, there is a chance to improve the business stream and it has a strong platform to develop further in future. Company Brand Value: During the last financial year, Tesco profit is get increased 78 percent on operations at Asia, Europe and Ireland. Company has maintaining the quality and the customer worthy, healthy goods represent ultimate value. It has a good and well effort for the company growth and to move forward in the insurance and finance sector. Toughened UK market leadership : Since getting into the number one position in 1996, Tesco has launched a great strategy towards multi format values. Tesco’s United Kingdom sales are 71 percent larger than Sainsbury because of multi format. As per the Competition commission’s report, it is very difficult to Wal-Marts to get into the chance of UK leadership. This tells us that in domestic market Tesco is in an extremely strong position. ii) Weaknesses: Confidence upon the UK market: Currently International market is growing now, in this situation there is so many expectations over Tesco in coming five years. Tesco was depend upon the UK market where as they have 78.3 % of 2003 revenues. While in case of this situations this is not a major weakness of short term, for example like the Morrison’s group is going to purchase the Safeway chain. There is a possibility to balance the market share of UK and supermarket power. Debt diminution: Until the year of 2006 Tesco was not reduced its debit. Tesco has the ability to invest in the huge amount of capital in various business sectors. If the expansion of the business was running well then there will be some free cash for any other purposes. Due to this Tesco can invest the money and it has a capable to run business in various business lines. Operations: With the strategic approach, Tesco has a massive ability to expansion of the business. It has an active project value of  £23 billion. Its huge product range is an added advantage, Especially in United Kingdom. While the company strategy is in the form of fill the gap, this is quiet danger in sometimes to become a serial business successor. The most common thing is that, if the product ranges are huge then sometimes the quality and the earnings visibility will reduce. iii) Opportunities: Non food retailing market: In UK, Tesco is going to format the hypermarket with their increased sales by shares of 3 percent in the coming few years. It is going to use the structure for the market strategies and the merchandising techniques to the growth of the company. It will help to the growth of the company in overseas business line. Tesco is estimated that their non food sales will grow by double in coming four years. Now internationally it has a sale of  £7 billion and another is 23 percent totals. The main aim of the Tesco is to grow the business line in the form of non food retailing. It’s not like that things to say as consultancy speak to become a successful in the coming years. Already they planned to grow the business with the opened space of UK market for only non food retailing and now planning to increase the non food share from 5 percent to 6 percent, Overall market share should be increased by 100 basis points to 12.8 percent. To develop the business line in telecom sector is the biggest retailing service project of Tesco. The same thing happened in banking that repeating the strategic approach and values the brands. Beauty and Heath : In UK, Tesco’s beauty and health ranges are growing hike, and it is the biggest retailer in skincare. It has the market leading position in healthcare and the toiletries. It is also number one retailer in the market goods of baby goods. Tesco was invested the whole amount of  £27 million on beauty and healthcare alone. Now Tesco has 200 stores with the pharmacies and 19 stores with the opticians. Future Overseas Growth: In addition United Kingdom, Tesco was running operations in 6 countries in Europe. Those are Slovakia, Czech Republic, Turkey, Poland, Hungary, Ireland and Asia too. Asian countries are Thailand, Malaysia, South Korea, Taiwan and Japan. Its overseas sales were  £700 million 7 years before. Now it’s nearly ten times bigger and with profit of  £306 million and at most  £7 billion over all market. Tesco had a serious planning to grow the market with high range hypermarkets. Tesco is now using the space to spread over the business with the new strategies. Tesco has entered in the market of US with a strategic decision, for home shopping model the Safeway is to take the Tesco in US market. Tesco’s Telecom sector is the main thing to get the growth in business line with in a short period of time. It will surely develop the proper retailing services. iv) Threats: Structural Changes in UK would flicker a price war : The Followers in price were become aggressive in the UK market, Because of the Ownership of Safeway and new management of Sainsbury. Safeway prices are up by 6 percent while reducing by Morrison. Sainsbury is to reduce the lower prices and to recover in the market. With both Tesco and ASDA committed in leadership of prices that is what now a position to step down in market of profitability. Returns from Overseas could fall : The Case of Tesco is to growth in the overseas driving higher returns in group and the countries are moving in the critical positions. This will be the cause that competitors’ action, economic conditions or the Tesco’s business strategies failed. There is another consequence is that enter into the biggest market such as Japan and china. ASDA and WAL-MART Challenge: Since from long years in the shopping business line in US, Wal Mart was Purchased ASDA. Tesco is in danger to that position of market in US. In range of goods ad prices ASDA is in a very well position. ASDA is the well known biggest supermarket in UK after the TESCO and Sainsbury. However ASDA leads the gap of Sainsbury in the year 2003 with a better strategy. ASDA supposed to give a special offers to the customers that it would be the great thing in the retailing business line ever seen. Wall Mart is also planning to buy the major part of the business line in UK with the well known brands and it has that buying capacity. Overseas Expansion of Business: It is a very expensive thing in Business of Expansion through overseas. Large investment and marketing was required to enter into the market with a new brand name. Now the land prices are low and this is the right time to move into the distribution and operations which increases Tesco’s debit before it comes to decline. Korea is giving a good support in Tesco’s business to growth in international profit. In 2003/04 the growth of Tesco is one-third in Korea. Consumer spending in Korea is very low and its time to back on by the large investments and it will be high risk. TASK 3 1. Tesco’s Resources and Planning in UK: Presence in UK: Tesco is one of the top retailers in UK as well as overseas market. Tesco has started their operations in the mid 1920’s and they invest in different markets in different sectors. Tesco has approximately 2600 stores world wide. There are more than 4, 50,000 employees in the business units of Tesco world wide. They are in telecommunications, logistics, financial services, converting retailing and distribution. The most forward thing in Tesco is the affective product delivery. In this mainly food retailing is the basic and strong phase in Tesco business unit. It has a long term goals, like to be good in the core business of UK with the ultimate top level, spread over the business throughout the World as International brand, become strong in non food retailing as well as in food retailing, in the choice of customer demand has to be provide the new retailing services world wide. Business Growth in UK: Tesco is an international brand which is making business with good progress in UK. As per the market issues Tesco has a sales growing like 7.6% hike and the sales increased in the quarter is 4.8%. In the UK market Tesco has a strong business directs like petrol which is contributed by 3.0%, Tesco direct and the Tesco dot com are one of the strong business sales in the current market. Tesco is offering the new products as per the discount sales and they want customers spend less amount by reducing prices and make more affordable products available, new discounter products and related sales required. These lunches represents the biggest changes in the business since the value lines presented in 1993. By giving customers more profitable choices, they think to deflate the sales by 2 and 3 percentage points in this quarter. As per the result, over 300,000 more customers enjoying the great shopping every week and they got the more affordable sales volumes. Even in the dif ficult times also the normal merchandise retains to a strong appeal to the people. This performance was very better than the whole non food market. Utilizing Resources: Tesco is an international brand. Tesco has so many products like food, consumer goods, and non food products. Tesco is presence in UK from long years. It has a competitive strategy and the good analysis over the international market. Probably for any organization we have some needs; those are human skills, inventory, financial resources, production resources and technological resources. In the process of the allocating resources, the technique and the project management are the major part. Financial Earnings Estimation: In the Financial earnings, the numbers of analysts are 3 in the Feb 09, and the average estimation is $120. The low estimate was $1.16 in feb09. By this they are supposed to that the growth rate will be 4.17 % by next year Feb 10. According to the present market situation, the low estimation will be $ 1.22 in Feb 10.Regrding this, the company is getting more profitable growth and the good earnings in the present market. In the non food market also, Tesco is going to be lead in the next coming years. Due to the financial crisis, Industrial Business Relations: Tesco is getting 80% of the profit from the UK business through the unpredictable common Industrial Business Relations. Tesco is well-established company, which supports the United Nations universal declaration of human rights, and the core conventions of international labor organizations. The chief executive of the each national subsidiary is agreed to the transposed human right’s policy. Tesco is paying the fair amount in the matter of wages and the policies to the employees across world wide. They are paying with out reflections of the market position. Employees are not going to work extra hours why so they need the health and safety training towards their lives. They like employees to join in a trade union then only they can be united each other. Tesco is the biggest venture of members in the union of any company. It gains the sufficient growth by maintaining the business relations in the profitable manner. 2. Competitive Strategies of Tesco: Challenges: The main aim of the Tesco is to expansion of the business as per the needs of the customer services. In the growth of Tesco, it has a 27 percent of market share where the competitors are always behind one step. In the online market, there are huge grocery stores available and there is a need to expansion the market products in the other ways also. Here there is an opportunity to expand the business through online availability to the customers. The main theme of Tesco is that, if there is any market share left then they thought that there will be potential ability to expansion and growth of the business. The most challenging thing is to succeed in the business of furniture .why because they already failed in that causes of handling and shipping charges. In the mean while, to achieve the challenges there is a need to approach in a systematic manner. There is a few methodologies to achieve the challenges describe below. Changes in the Technological drives: In the present online market, the UK is internet diffusion as of the year 2007 is almost 64 percent and the Ireland one is almost 51 percent. These results make a clear idea and the growth of the new online shopping business ventures. In the mean while, Tesco was started the Tesco.com to get the possible market shares online and now it is in a good position to achieve the market figures and the competitors are in step behind. Convince the customer is not a good issue with the quality products and it is a preplanned venture and we are proud to offer good products in the needs of the customers. This strategy is not a fear-provoking thought to take risk to sell non-food items like furniture. Creating Business Values: The most affordable effort of Tesco is to enter into the online shopping why because, it will save money, cost and traveling expenses. The good thing is the convenience to people to buy the products online. It can increase the market efficiency and reduce the labor costs and transaction costs. Familiarly known Tesco brands get low cost in the internet and there also a trendy that internet can reduces the costs and customers get the products with low prices. Capturing Business Values: The most important thing in the Tesco’s Business is the DSIR. The strategy is the winner can takes all approach the new heights in business. In the UK business market, Tesco is now the number one in online and offline market. Tesco is also capturing the business values by membership cards and loyalty programs and special offers in Tesco web sites. By the performance of Tesco, all known the products online and it is a possible way to get the value through market pricing. Business Policy and Approach: The new initiative was launched by the Tesco.com was Tesco Direct. The new initiative brings non food items with a high reputation like bikes, cameras, electronics, Kitchenware , sofas and beds available through online for millions of online users. There are more than 8000 products in online for customers. They can purchase the online products through online by easy ways like phone banking or directly at the stores. Customers have a choice to deliver the products to home or to be picked from selected stores located in local. Supply chain System: Tesco will not change in the system of the supply chain because of its strategy and expansion. It has already a online line for the food retail, now is not that much easy to get into the non food retailing. If Customers needs the products, it can be supplied through online but it is the most expensive way of dealing things online. Overseas Business Growth Strategies: The main business thing is the flexibility. In any country, each market should be unique and they require different business approaches. Tesco entered in the Japanese market as the discount operator of supermarket. Because of that they can get the supply chain business in the coming future in a huge amount of business. The Secondary thing is the local values; the customers need the packages and the selling goods in a particular local manner and through the piles of produce to what they want. They are getting reached in the customer’s expectations through online business ventures like Tesco direct. Multi Formats are the new possible ventures in the online market; a whole thing is to spread your market everywhere in the world. Developing the capabilities is not a easy thing, why so for that we need to be good at the quality assurance and the right way of producing goods in a predictable manner to customers. Brands are the new segments in the present markets. The main brands aim of the Tesco is to enable the customers to get what they want. Tesco is a well maintained relationship with the customers. The first brand in China is the Tesco Legou, which is opened in Feb 2007 and now they are going to re branding the whole stores. The most affordable things done by the Tesco is to market every possible product through online. Effective way of selling products is the main cause of increasing profits in the business. Getting the huge amount of reputation will depends on the quality assurance. The main theme of the Tesco is the Customer satisfaction while purchasing the online products like food and non food. 3. Competitors and Market Position of Tesco: Competitors of Tesco: 1. ASDA 2. Sainsbury 3. Morrisons The Main competitors of the Tesco are Asda and Sainsbury. These are the main competitors in business strategies and the value markets. Before going to know about the competitors, we have to know the market shares of the companies in UK. According to that, we can able to come under estimation and also the product values intended by the companies. Supermarket Consumer Spend ( £000s) Market Share August 2008 +/- from July 2008 Tesco 6,351,531 31.6% ? 0.3% Asda 3,410,431 17.0% ? 0.1% Sainsburys 3,175,543 15.9% ? 0.1% Morrisons 2,233,137 11.1% ? 0.2% : Market Position of Tesco : 1. ASDA: ASDA is a group of companies and it is owned by the US Corporation Wal Mart Since 1999, the main competitor of the Tesco is ASDA Group why so, they have that enthusiastic potential to get the job done. It is the world’s biggest food chain market 8 times bigger than Tesco. The best selling brand of ASDA’s George was range of clothing. They are now putting pressure to move into the Matalan, the discount giant clothing and home furnishing market stores. 2. Sainsbury: Sainsbury is then biggest grocer unit in UK until the year 1995, but recently it is stepped out to the third position. The company struggled to get back on line. Despite of the things, the company couldn’t get back to the second position. The latest results shows that compared to Sainsbury share at 16.22 percent the ASDA’s share is at 16.6 % by the Taylor Nelson Sofres. Financial Position: According to the TNS WorldPanel, The share of the UK Tesco was increased by 0.3 percent as compared to 10th august 2008, at that time the share price is 31.6 percent. It was up by 12 weeks from the July 2008. The business share has raise and the recent low is 30.9 percent. Tesco operates overseas and in UK. The business would be in sufficient way to achieve the planned growth. Tesco has to be in provision of banking facilities in addition with the recent success of  £2.4 bn Eurobond issue. It can comfortably cover all the financial needs of the next year. It includes the TPF and Homever achievements. In Tesco’s business needs, with in maturity of 13 years there are no significant bonds in 2008 and 2009. The only  £300m of debit maturities are there in 2009 and 2010. The Group has planed to reduce the expenditure of capital by  £4 billion and it has to be like cash positive before the two acquisitions of the current financial year. International Performance: The International market sales were growing up by 25.7 percent at the actual exchange market rates and the constant rate as per was 21.4 percent. This was included in that why so, the sales in Asia were grown by 29 percent at constant market rates. That means we have a rapid growth in all European markets. Tesco is planning to provide new stores to customers with more than 7 million square feet space through out world wide. At the same time In Poland and Malaysia the Marko business has going well. Financial Growth: In 2007, Group sales (including vat) 11.1 percent. Underlying group profit before tax is 11.8 percent. Group profit before tax 5.7 percent. Underlying diluted earnings per share is 20.8 percent Diluted earnings per share are 14.2 percent. Dividend per share is 13.1 percent. Share price 355.40 p Detailed share prices are $ 15.60. Financial Growth: In 2008, Group sales (including vat) 51,773. Group profit before tax is 2,846. Underlying diluted earnings per share is 27.07 percent Diluted earnings per share are 26.61 percent. Return on capital employed 12.9 percent. References: 1. www.Tesco.com 2. www.Tescoplc.com 3. www.Tescoreports.com Research Papers on Case Study On Tesco PlcMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaTwilight of the UAWDefinition of Export QuotasNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NicePETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Project Managment Office SystemThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesOpen Architechture a white paper

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 8 - Essay Example (New World Encyclopaedia) EPA is the most comprehensive regulatory agency for environmental concerns. There are several legislations such as Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, United Nations Environment Programme, Energy Policy Act etc. for tackling the environmental issues. Climate change is caused due to imbalance between the incoming solar radiation and the outgoing heat of the earth. Human influences, Orbital variations, Solar Output, Volcanism, Plate tectonics and Ocean variability are the causes of climate change. Climate change can be prevented from reaching dangerous levels by reducing emissions through efficiency, substitution and sequestration. Conservation of energy, habitat, water, wetland, wildlife, marine life and soil helps restore ecological balance. The costs associated with loss of biodiversity is high and can lead to deteriorating ecological balance, hence sustainable development and consumption can help to conserve biodiversity. Non-Point Source Pollution is the sour ce of water problems and to mitigate this we must achieve zero discharge of pollutants as per the Clean Water’s Act.

Tom's of Maine Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tom's of Maine - Research Paper Example Tom’s distribution strategy is selling its products thru health food stores and mass market outlets. Company’s products include toothpastes, mouthwash, deodorant, dental floss, shampoo, soap, shaving cream, and a line of herbal health aids and extracts. (Reference for Business). From a humble beginning of borrowed capital of $5,000, company has grown to be a top notched company earning millions of dollars annually. In 2006, the 84% controlling stake of the company was sold to Colgate-Palmolive on conditions that it will retain the culture of Tom’s Brand. Purpose of the sale is to concentrate in the manufacture of a new business from bees. In a general scope, customers look for support services ranging from correct use of product and making the product cost effective. Specifically, based on research and literatures reviewed, people want products that do well for themselves and products that do not harm the planet (Dougherty and Murthy 2009). Same authors said people need information; Buyers are interested on contents and labeling; Buyers are interested on quality of the product rather than speed of delivery and want loyalty programs. Interestingly, these results of survey could be related to what support services buyers from Toms, Inc want. In particular, buyers of Toms, Inc products want: safe and effective products. For instance, people were alarmed on the product safety scandal of Tom’s toothpaste disclosed by Guciardi, 2011, in a post in the Natural Health Society. Subsequent comments from users of this product proved loyalty to the brand, did not believe the allegations, and even researched to find out the truth. Discarding wastes is a growing problem in any community. To help in environment protection, company launched Tom’s of Maine Recycle Program wherein empty plastic bottles of shampoo of any brand, and other plastic products including

Was the Roman Imperial system,particularly its form of government, Research Paper - 1

Was the Roman Imperial system,particularly its form of government, more closely related to the Spartan or Athenian model - Research Paper Example erialism for instance, was often hegemonies rather than annexationists, and there were times when the roman militaries were inactive during the republic. This paper will therefore compare the roman imperial system to the Spartan governing. Ancient Greece for instance, it had four forms of governments namely: Aristocracy, Monarchy, Oligarchy and Direct Democracy. Direct democracy government was exercised in ancient Athens; here citizens of the state were allowed to participate in politically in making decision that seems to be standard to all citizens. While in Ancient Sparta they had an oligarchy form of government, here the state was ruled by citizens who were classified in small groups, the small groups were in charge of the military as well. Sparta had mixed government, as a result of the mixed government state, it had both Oligarchy and democracy; the state of Sparta was hereditary and it was ruled by two kings from the Eurypontid and Agiad families. They were both Heracles descendants and had same authority. This equal authority prevented them from acting against each other. This form of government acted as a model to other poleis, it had three ruling classes, the assembly, council of elders and the Ephorate. In spite of having the mixed government, Sparta was well organized in its rulings. On the other hand, kings were rulers of the Roman city state. The king acted as a supreme ruler and the power he had over his subjects was consolidated by his own negotiation with his gods. In addition as a King, he often ensured that he maintains both his title of supremacy in the military as well as religious authority. However, the ancient government was later broken by the Roman citizens after they expelled their last king; this led to the kingdom of Roman to become a republic, and later processed to be an empire. At this point, the government and religion became one; this came to pass because of Emperor Augustus as well as his successors. Moreover, kings

Strategies for Patient Safety in Drug Administration

Strategies for Patient Safety in Drug Administration This essay will focus on the aspect of nurses providing quality care in relation to patient safety within the nursing context of safe practice of drug administration. It will further discuss the underlying risk factors that are related to drug administration error and also discuss how to maintain a good practice to ensure patient safety. Robert et al cited in the National Nursing Research Unit (NNRU 2012) that quality care can be defined as when a patient is satisfied with a service or treatment being given by healthcare professionals.To achieve thisresult nurses need support, providing them facilities such as a good workforce and understanding to help improve safe practice (NNRU 2008). As Griffith et al (2003) stated, medication administration is one of the most important duties that are commonly undertaken by nurses which requires official authorized professional mandatory in hospitals or any care settings where care is delivered. These also, are responsible for their own standard of how to care for their patients (NMC 2008). Consequent to this, NMC (2010)standards for pre-registration nursing education emphasise that nurses are expected to work along with patients andcarerswhen administering drugs by means of facilitating information in regards to their treatment so that the patient can choose the right medical treatment. Corben V (2009) recommended that if nurses provide patients with enough information as well as educating them will increase patient trust and courage to take their medications. NMC (2008) further suggested that nurses should work with the five rights of medication administration in delivering care in clinical settings. This involves; the specify patient, the right drug, route, time and dose thus preventing drug administration error. However, Elliot Liu (2010), emphasise on nine rights including right documentation, action, form and response of drug management to maximise safe drug administration. National Patient Safety Agency (2004) defines patient safety as an event that accidentally may cause damage or does not damage patients in clinical settings where care is delivered. Consequently, these nine rights are there to guide nurses, failure to do so may not onlyprotect the patient from harm thus could also lead to legal action against the registered nurse (Schelbred Nord 2007). This means the nurse is known to be competent in carrying  out such task (NNRU 2012). This can also cause the National Health Service (NHS) a huge amount of expenses (NPSA 2007). According to NPSA (2011a) in Tingle J (2011a) indicate that 11% of medication errors in hospital were reported including patients’ falls and trips. However, the rise of incidents reported does not mean that patients’ safety is at high risk. Nonetheless, this is to bring awareness for nurses to provide a good quality care. Therefore, the nurse should show concern in patient safety (NPSA 2011c cited in Tingle J). Elliot Liu (2010) highlighted that nurses are required to administer drugs to the right patient as prescribed. This involves verifying the patient’s name alongside by asking him or her to state their names, date of birth and hospital identity number on the wristband as well as drug chart which shows a safe practice. Nonetheless, calling patients’ by their name may not confirm the patient identity as some patient with cognitive impairment or having language barrier might respond with no doubt (Bunker Kowalski 2008). However, Elliot Liu (2010) cited that in some clinical environments, not all patients such as mental health and service userin nursing homes carry wristbands with the hospital identity number, as they may not be capableof identifyingthemselves individually. Therefore, Lynn P (2011) also argues that in general, the ideal method is that nurses should be checking patients’ wristband to identify their name. Nevertheless, Shulmeister L (2008)pointsout that nurses working under stress due to heavy work-load could lead to not verifying patients’ identity beforegiving medication as required. Although this does not justify for a staff nurse not to follow the guideline of patient safety (Gould 2009). Additionally, nurses are expected to give the right drug to the patient as being prescribed. In a situation where the nurse is in doubt or not familiar with the prescribe drug, the nurse administering medication should use the British National Formulary as a guide (Dimond 2003).Williams D.J.P (2007) cited that an error in drugadministering could occur when a patient is prescribed the wrong drug without understanding the patient’s medical status. Benjamin D (2003) emphasised that nurses should assess patients’ knowledge of any allergies from the right drug being prescribed.Where there is a good quality of safe drugadministration, staff administering drug are expected to do so. If an allergy is identified, it is thenurse’sduty to document it and address it to the prescriber. Although Elliot Liu (2010) cited that sometimes for the patient’s best interest, they are given medication in spite of any sensitive reaction that the patient may have experienced due to the benefits of administering the right drug is more than the allergy experience. As a result the nurse administering should take this into account. In addition to this, an effective team work within the multidisciplinary is essential as this contributes to patient safety (Miller et al 2001). Consequently, registered nurses inform the prescriber immediately when a patient surfers a possible reaction from the drug given and documented. Thus this prevents patient from danger which may have been caused by the medication given NMC (2008). Elliot Liu (2010) furthermore highlighted that safe drug administration does not only involve giving the right medication to a patient but also it is the duty of a nurse to observe if the patient is responding well to the drug given. Consequent to this, the nurse will have to assess the patient’s effectiveness of certain drugs being administered like anticoagulants; anti-arrhythmics and insulin which are so potential that the patient’s blood glucose level, pulse rate, respiratory or urine output will need to be checked. Wright K (2009) state that for nurses to administer medication to patients it involves knowledge in drug calculation as this will help the nurse to give the right drug dosage to patients. NMC (2008) further highlighted that even though nurses may find some drug calculations very tricky to solve, as a result to maintain a good nursing practice it is the duty for another member of registered professional nurse to verify the drug calculations autonomously to reduce possible errors in drug volume or quantity. Armitage Knapham (2003) in Agyemang R.E.O WhileA (2010) argue that, most common drug incidents in hospitals is that a number of senior nurses in clinical settings sometimes do not follow drug preparation guidelines to ensure that drug prepared by another memberofstaff is accurate or not due to the hierarchy that the senior nurse may have overajunior staff. According to Tang et al (2007) research has shown that more than a thirdof theerror in drug administration to patients is due to wrong dose. Williams D.J.P (2007 highlighted that approximately 5% of drug doses given to patient in hospital were caused by medication error even though it was not the intention of the prescriber. Elliot Liu (2010) highlighted that sometimes administering wrong drug to a patient may take place if a prescriber does not prescribe the correct unit such as mg (milligram) in its place for mcg (microgram). Therefore, nurses are accountable to ensure patients’ safety and that they should be able to interpret patient’s drug chart cautiously.Therefore to prevent wrong drug calculation the nurse must make every effort to give the correct dose (Elliot Liu 2010). A safe medication administration can improve patient safety if nurses administer drug on the correct route as indicated by the prescriber. This action is a must to nurses and where the right route is not identified on the prescription, the nurse understands that the drug should not be administered but reported to the prescriber (Jones 2010). According to NPSA (2007) approximately 2.1% of drug administration errors from clinical settings were accounted for drug given mistakenly via the wrong route. King’s College Medication administration policy (2010) further recommended nurses to perform safe medication administration; therefore, it is not acceptable for nurses to prepare at the same point in time drugs such as oral, intravenous and intramuscular as this can cause giving drugs to patients on the wrong route. For example, this safe practice was well recognised during my clinical placement. Registered nurses were administering medication according to the NMC (2008) Standard for Medicines Management as well as Kings College Hospital Medication policies which involve the nine rights. Even though sometimes nurses had heavy work-load on the ward yet this did not justify an unsafe medication practice. NMC (2008) highlighted that as nurses are accountable for promoting patient wellbeing, also the nurse administering drug shouldbeaware to give patients medications at the right time. By doing so will enhance the effectiveness of the drug being prescribed for the patient. On the other hand, in some institutions drugs administrations are sometimes given in between half an hour before or in a while than the prescribed time dosage (Boundy Stockert 2008). Dean S (2005) in Elliot Liu (2010) mentioned that an investigation carried out in clinical  settings showed 31% of drug administration errors were due to those patients who have been given their drug dose at the wrong prescribe time. Additionally, documentation is another core element of nursing quality of care. Nurses are aware of recording and signing patients’ drug chart including the common drug name (generic), prescribed dosage, time, route and the purpose of the prescribe drugs as emphasised (Woodrow 2007). Also, the nurse is known to document whether if the patient rejects their drug as well as the possibility of not remembering to take the drug. Failing to do so could lead patients to be administered the same drug two times since there is no indication which can show that it has been administered. Therefore, the role of the nurse is to maintain an accurate record keeping maximising safe drug administration topatients(Woodrow 2007). Gladstone J (1995) in Agyemang R.E.O While A (2010) cited that even though patients are always the victim of drug administration error, nonetheless, nurses committing drug error are psychologically affected of remorse and have less trust or fear in legal action raised against him or her. Nevertheless, nurses recognize that addressing a medication error is a must. Also, reporting an incident may not only protect the nurse’s imagebut prevent another possible error from occurring and can be addressedin the local trust where the nurse is employed (NPSA 2010). Thus nurses by doing this, manifest their sincerity of theirprofessional character (NMC 208). According to Fry Dacey (2007) a survey carried out in the United Kingdom 94% participant of 127 out of 135 highlighted interruptions as a major factor that causes drug administration errors. However, Hitchen L (2008) in Jones SW (2009) stated that a number of NHS trustshave introducedthe use of putting on red sleeveless coat to minimise interruptions during drug rounds. Drug administration has always been an important task in the nursing care with factors contributing to medication error which affects patient safety. Therefore, it is necessary that preventive measures should be taken to minimise drug error in clinical settings. This means nurses must develop their knowledge in medication along with patient’s medical care plan as well as following hospital drug guiding principles (Agyemang While 2010). Although nurses are putting into practice the five or nine rights of medication administration in clinical settings, it is still difficult to achieve good quality of care as drug errors are still occurring in hospitals. Therefore registered nurses should consider patient safety as a major concern in delivering care in clinical settings and to achieve this, the nurse should continue to focus and provide a safe atmosphere when administering drug (Elliot Liu 2010).

The Red Scare Reality :: American America History

The "Red Scare" Reality During the cold war, fear and hostility toward communism were the driving forces behind many of the social and foreign policies in the United States. How much of this fear actually was grounded in reality? During the "Red Scare" America was totally taken over by a fear of communism, or anything/anyone that had anything to do with communism. Much of this fear was really unnecessary when you put things into prospective. American's were afraid of a communist takeover, which would almost never happen in the US. America was scared of communism it's self, which was a really unjustified fear. These fears of communism ended up taking some rights away from innocent Americans, which was the main thing that the Red Scare was trying not to do, and that is a loss of rights in America. The Red Scare was mostly unjustified, and was not really grounded in reality. The biggest fear on people's minds was a communism takeover. People thought that Russia was going to cause an internal revolution within the US that would eventually end up removing the democratic government and replacing it with a dictator and communist government. This would probably never happen, so there was nothing to be afraid of. America is, and has always been a more powerful country then Russia, so the thought of Russia event attempting an attack is foolish from the beginning. America was also happy with its democratic government, and would have squashed the revolution. This is why America never had any true reason to fear a communist takeover of their country. The entire Red Scare was meant to keep communism out, and the main reason they wanted to do that is so they could remain free. What really ended up happening was the opposite. When just normal Americans were accused of being a communist their life was over, guilty or not. Even if there weren't a communist they stood a very tiny chance of ever finding a good job without leaving the country. Some people were accused of being Russian spies. Some of these people were actually spies, but some were innocent, and yet they were put in jail, or even put to death for their "crime" against America. There were other instances like this happening all the time. People always expected their neighbor of being a communist, so they started to distrust them, which didn't make anyone lose rights, just caused conflicts among normal people.

Harlem’s darkness and hardships

Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† is a story of the two brothers living in Harlem. Harlem is the place where the two brothers experienced the darkness of the society. This darkness points out racism and drug abuse as one of the major problems experiencing by many African-American in Harlem. Even though racism was felt by the two brothers and drug abuse hunted Sonny, one of the two brothers, they still managed to adopt and survive through the help of each other. At the beginning of the story, the older brother is on his way to work as a schoolteacher.As he travels down the road, he also reads the newspaper and found out that his brother was caught dealing with heroine. Even before, Sonny was suspected by his older brother of using illegal drugs but the older brother does nothing. Before the drug related incident happens, the older brother who is also the narrator of the story always talks about Sonny as being a good brother. He says â€Å"When Sonny was young, his f ace was bright and open†. Sonny’s brother worries about the involvement of Sonny in illegal drugs.Sonny is being dependent on drugs and uses it as a way to escape his problems. This problem makes his brother think of the things he did wrong to make Sonny involved in drug addiction. As a result of that, the brother misinterprets all the acts Sonny is doing. He does not listen to Sonny even if it has to be about the explanation and reasons of why Sonny engaged to drug related activities. Sonny finds himself neglected by his brother. This makes him think that no one could help him but his own self. Realizing this, he diverts his attention to music.This involvement to music makes him finds the relief he is searching for. With the music playing, Sonny is able to escape the problems he is encountering. The improvement of Sonny is hardly noticed by his brother. At first, his involvement to music disappoints his brother not until his brother realizes the changes music has done to Sonny. His brother accepts the truth and realizes that music has done a good job to Sonny’s development. It all happened in the part of the story where his brother is listening to Sonny as he plays the piano.As Sonny plays the piano, his brother feels that Sonny need his guidance and love. The unconditional love by the brother to Sonny was depicted in the story. Listening to the Jazz music played by Sonny, the attitude of the brother towards life, himself and Sonny changes. The estrangement of the two brothers hurt them both. Sonny’s dedication to music and his determination to stay away from any form of illegal drugs move the older brother to change. The love and passion of both brothers are shown in the story.Their fight against the darkness in Harlem made them realize that to win is to accept the weakness of each one of them and to be able to survive is to help each other. As a final point, to be able to survive in a society where you are not the main character, you must learn to adapt and to help others that are also adapting. The challenges of Black American brothers in the time of racism and its fight against illegal drugs can be solve if trust, acceptance and love is within the family ties.

Johnson Johnson Global Business Environment Essays

Johnson Johnson Global Business Environment Essays Johnson Johnson Global Business Environment Paper Johnson Johnson Global Business Environment Paper A truly global corporation, Johnson Johnson has securely positioned itself to overcome the challenges its ever-changing business environment poses, as well as take advantage of the opportunities presented. With a focus primarily on Johnson Johnnys pharmaceutical segment, this paper seeks to explore the complex multinational environment within which the company operates as well as the opportunities and threats that the environment poses. Next, the paper will analyze Johnson Johnnys current positioning, describing its value-chain and competitive positioning. The paper will close by evaluating how Johnson Johnson both can seize these opportunities to realize the goals of the company. II. Analyzing the Environment In industries as competitive as pharmaceutical, medical devices and consumer goods, analyzing the environment is vital for being able to make sound strategic decisions. Since Johnson Johnson strives to anticipate the external factors that affect its international business environment, as well as adapt to those changes, it is important that it understands the environment in which it is operating. The two sets of external forces that face the company are competitive and contextual. A. Competitive Environments Five Forces Model Michael Porters five forces model provides a way of analyzing Johnson Johnnys competitive environment. Due to a lack of available information about the bargaining power of suppliers as it applies to Johnson Johnson, this paper will address the four other forces: the threat of new entrants, the threat of substitutes, the bargaining power of customers, and the rivalry among industry competitors. 1 . The Threat of New Entrants High Barriers to Entry The threat of new entrants is not of particular concern to Johnson Johnson. Barriers to entry, especially in the industries of pharmaceuticals and deiced devices, are extremely high if not unassailable. The worlds top pharmaceutical companies have extensive manufacturing capabilities, distribution systems, and economies of scale that have been built up over decades and would be virtually impossible for a new entrant to replicate. These top firms also have patents that protect their current products, as well as established research pipelines that ensure the continual development of new products. Also, they have strong brand names and large marketing budgets with which to defend them. Finally, the exceptionally high capital acquirement for founding a pharmaceutical company and the sharp retaliation that new entrants could expect from the established competitors render the threat of new entrants very low. The medical device industry has similarly high barriers to entry. While entering the consumer goods market is easier, relatively, the vast number of competitors makes this industry very competitive, thus a strong brand name is vital for standing out. As the worlds most respected company according to Barron Magazine, new entrants to the consumer goods market do not pose a threat to Johnson Johnson. 2. The Threat Of Substitutes The Rise Of Generics The threat of substitutes is much more problematic than that of new entrants, especially in the pharmaceutical segment. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that generic drugs be bougainvillea to their brand name counterparts, making them serious substitutes. Once a patent expires, generic manufacturers are quick to reverse-engineer the formerly proprietary drugs and sell generic versions at a fraction of the cost. Virtually all the top pharmaceutical companies, Johnson Johnson included, face an influx of upcoming patent expirations. The impending loss of sales when energetic versions of the drugs inevitably become available is a serious threat to the profitability of many players in the industry. For example, Residual, a drug for schizophrenia made by a subsidiary of Johnson Johnnys called Janssen-Cilia, was a significant source of profits, with sales that totaled $3. 5 billion in 2005 and surged 21% percent in the first quarter of 2006, to $1. 2 billion. However, when the patent for Residual expired in December of 2007 and became available in generic form in October of 2008, the companys revenue from pharmaceutical sales stagnated. In fact, in July of 2007, Johnson Johnson announced plans to eliminate up to 4,800 jobs, citing patent expirations as the main motivation to trim the workforce and thus save money. If the company does not prepare for the difficult transition between enjoying market exclusivity and losing that security as those patents expire, it will face more negative consequences. 3. The Bargaining Power of Buyers Influence of Generics In the pharmaceutical industry, buyers include patients, medical doctors who prescribe drugs, pharmacists, hospital boards, insurance companies, and other health authorities. The bargaining power of patients goes hand in hand tit the threat of substitutes. When drugs are patent-protected, pharmaceutical companies enjoy a monopoly where they can set prices to include high profit margins. Since there are few to no substitutes for their products during this time, customers have little choice but to pay these prices, especially if their lives depend on the drugs. However, once cheaper, generic versions of the drugs become available, buyers gain more power. Patients switching costs, an important element in determining the bargaining power of buyers, are fairly low, and price-sensitive buyers will likely switch to generic versions once available. Johnson Johnnys main tool in combating this problem is its strong brand name. Many customers have more trust in brand name products and are willing to pay extra for this perceived security. The other groups within buyers of pharmaceutical products, while fragmented, have more power than patients. Within the American healthcare system, insurance companies and health maintenance companies (Homos) have considerable bargaining power, as they decide which drugs to endorse and provide. Since they have an interest in lowering costs, they exert a strong downward pressure on drug prices, partly due to the threat of the availability f generics. European governments national healthcare systems have a similarly high level of power, if not higher due to strict price controls. Thus, pharmaceutical companies have a need to establish successful relationships with these groups and market towards them heavily. 4. The Degree of Rivalry Fierce and Changing Competition Competition in the pharmaceutical industry is intense and growing in intensity. While the numerous competitors remain fairly fragmented, mergers and acquisitions have increased rivalry, as the top firms areas of expertise began to overlap. Rivalry is especially intense in saturated markets, such as he pain reliever segment, in which Johnson Johnson competes with its products Ethylene and Motoring. In growing markets, innovation is a key driver of competition since pharmaceutical companies depend on blockbuster drugs for a large proportion of their revenue. With only one out of every 1 0,000 discovered drugs approved to be sold, stakes are high to find the cash cow drugs that recuperate the increasingly high costs of development. Since me too drugs are not as profitable, innovation drives the race to be first-to- market. While the main competitors in the pharmaceutical industry are incinerated in the United States, Europe, and Japan, an increasing number of players especially generic drug manufacturers are appearing in developing countries, such as China and India. These companies are driving the shift in the industry toward becoming more commoditized. Also, numerous biotech upstarts, which are smaller, more agile, and have lower overhead costs than their conglomerate competitors, are growing in power and taking market share. As the dynamics of the industry change, the established companies will find themselves facing stiff competition from all sides. B. Contextual Environment PEST Analysis A PEST (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological) analysis is a useful tool for understanding the larger environment within which the company operates. Companies can use this tool to identify a multitude of important aspects of their environments that may impact their businesses. . Political Environment Changing Politics and Policies First, the politics on local, regional, national, or international scales can exert strong forces on businesses. Since Johnson Johnson operates worldwide, it must keep track of the political developments that may affect its business. For example, in the Czech Republic, health care is the subject of a ajar p olitical debate. Changes in the healthcare system may affect to whom Johnson Johnson needs to market, and with whom it needs to negotiate if the company wants its products covered by the Czech healthcare system. Also, Johnson Johnson should be aware that the Czech Republic has a weak Parliament that will change in 201 gs elections. The company needs to anticipate which policies may shift under the new government. Finally, Johnson Johnson should be aware that the Czech Republic will serve as president of the Council of the European Union for the first six months of 2009. This is the best time for the Johnson Johnson branch located in the Czech Republic to lobby for any policy changes regarding the companys interests and the business environment. 2. Economic Environment The Crisis and the Euro The economic climate is also important for Johnson Johnson to analyze in order to predict when its business may face challenges, as well as when it can seize an opportunity for growth. Operating in the European Union and larger European community means that Johnson Johnson has felt the effects of the current economic crisis. Aware of the crisis, the company has en able to plan for its impact, and fortunately, the effects on Johnson Johnson have not been severe, as medical products remain necessities even in periods of economic downturn. In respect to the Johnson Johnson branch in the Czech Republic, the economic environment is one that quickly transitioned from a communist, planned economy to the free market. Though the Czech Republic has embraced free market principles since the fall of the Soviet Union, it is important that Johnson Johnson recognize that this change was relatively recent, and certain aspects of working in the Czech Republic may still be effected by this history. Finally, discussions surrounding the use of the Euro and the benefits and disadvantages of a common currency are debates that Joy moons Johnson should be aware of in this time period. While Slovakia adopted the Euro in January 2009, the Czech Republic has kept its own currency. A switch to the Euro in the Czech Republic could have a wide range of effects, some positive and some negative, and Johnson Johnson should understand the implications for its business if that change occurs in the Czech Republic. For example, adopting the Euro would make transactions with other countries ore convenient, and Johnson Johnson should be prepared for a possible increase in transactions or the speed in which transactions take place in order to take advantage of the opportunities this change could provide. It should also be ready for the numerous practical difficulties with tasks such as accounting that may occur with a change in currency. Keeping these economic scenarios in mind is the kind of forward-thinking that is crucial to Johnson Johnnys success. 3. Social Environment Aging Population and Public Health Problems There are two major social changes on the horizon that will both affect Johnson Johnson as well as provide tremendous opportunities. The first is the aging population. The gigantic baby boomer generation, consisting of those born between 1946 and 1964, has had a huge social and economic impact on the world since its birth. This trend will continue as the generation is beginning to enter old age. The influx of senior citizens will create huge demands throughout all realms of medical care. Johnson Johnson can expect to see increased sales across all three of its segments -? pharmaceuticals, medical devices and diagnostics, and consumer goods in he coming decades, and must plan production accordingly to be able to meet the needs of this huge generation as they enter their most medically- dependent years. Additionally, in order to cater to the aging population, Johnson Johnson is pioneering developments in preventative medicine as well as less invasive surgery techniques. Another major social change affecting Johnson Johnson is the phenomenon Of surging rates Of various health problems, especially in developed societies but spreading worldwide, from obesity and diabetes to cancer and mental disorders. Though highly problematic for society, companies in medicine- elated industries such as Johnson Johnson are finding themselves with an increasing number of people to treat and cure. As a company that invests heavily in research and development, Johnson Johnson has the opportunity to lead the way in finding ways to address these serious public health issues. 4. Technological Environment -? Promising Nevus Fields As many pharmaceutical drug markets become saturated and the blockbuster drug strategy becomes obsolete due to the major changes occurring in the industry, innovation and breakthrough medical technologies are essential for finding blue oceans in which to compete. Predictive declined, which entails predicting diseases based on genetics and preventing them, and personalized medicine, which involves managing a patients health based on his or her individual characteristics as opposed to following the more traditional standards of care model, are growing fields into which Johnson Johnson can expand. The companys strong emphasis on research and development and its leadership in the medical devices and diagnostics segment put it in an excellent position to become a frontrunners in making new discoveries in these promising new technological fields. C. Determining Threats and Opportunities 1 . Threats -? The Uneducated Consumer and Mergers and Acquisitions One of the biggest threats facing a company like Johnson Johnson is the uneducated consumer. Especially within the consumer products and pharmaceuticals markets, with the increasing availability and lower cost of generic products, a key component of continued competitiveness is the discerning consumer who has preferences when it comes to treatment options. Johnson Johnson must continually work hard to make sure that people are aware of its products and the quality that it ensures through effective branding and promotional practices, as well as consumer education. Patent expirations are also a constant concern for Johnson Johnson as proprietary information is an integral part of sustained revenue streams. Mergers and acquisitions (MAs) present both potential opportunities and threats for Johnson Johnson. The company has pursued MAs that have served to expand the companys resources and help penetrate new and diverse markets. For example, Johnson Johnson recently acquired Mentor Corporation in order to expand its operations in to the aesthetic and reconstructive medicine market. Also, an important new medical product called the Fibrin pad was developed with the cooperation of three Johnson Johnson-owned subsidiaries. These are just a couple examples of how Johnson Johnson is able to both grow and innovate through M. On the other hand, M between other companies in the healthcare industry have the potential to upset Johnson s value chain and competitive advantages. Johnson Johnson must pay close attention to the actions of rival companies in order to maintain its market-leader positions and barriers to entry against competitors. 2. Opportunities -? Research, Synergies, Emerging Markets, and the Aging Population Johnson Johnnys greatest opportunity is found in its heavy investment in research and development. This is especially important for its medical devices and diagnostics and pharmaceutical divisions. It is necessary for the company to be on the leading technological edge when it comes to medical devices to ensure that it can offer the most accurate and up-to-date machines available. As for the pharmaceutical sector, patent expiration and generic drugs demand constant innovation and addition to Johnson Johnnys pipeline of products for sustained success. Strong pipelines in its pharmaceutical and medical devices sectors are a major source of confidence n the companys long-term success. With eight new late-stage compounds in the pharmaceutical sector and the introduction Of several new products to new markets in the medical devices sector, Johnson Johnson seems to be advancing its pipeline quite progressively. It also strives to be a consistently innovative company, and around 40% of its current products have been developed within the last 3-4 years. In 2008, Johnson spent $7. 6 billion on research and development. The reinvestment of of sales in to R, versus the industry average of 3%, demonstrates a source of competitive advantage for the company. Synergies between product branches are yet another source of opportunities for Johnson Johnson. Through the well-coordinated efforts of its pharmaceutical and consumer products divisions, Johnson Johnson was able to make the formerly prescribed drug Cortez available as an over-the- counter drug, which came to be the companys most successful product launch in 2008. This is yet another example of how the company is able to pool its resources in order to find ways to fulfill both the needs of both its customers and stakeholders. Other opportunities for Johnson Johnson are present in emerging arrests such as Brazil, Russia, India and China.

F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby Essays

F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby Essays F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby Essay F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby Essay Essay Topic: Literature The Great Gatsby Published in 1925 by author F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby, is considered a literary classic by many critics. The eponymous novel is set in the â€Å"Roaring 1920’s† post World War 1 and tells the tale of Jay Gatsby through the novel’s narrator, Nick Carraway. The exposition begins when we are told of the socio-cultural divide between the upper class of America, by a character who has just moved to Long Island from Minnesota. The clear separation between West Egg and East Egg is an idea explored by Nick, who is a resident of the â€Å"lower-upper† class West Egg. Throughout the novel, it can be observed that events that occur are a direct parallel to the life of Scott Fitzgerald, as he projects characteristics of both Gatsby and Nick that were similar to his own. It is widely believed that the book is written in a manner that is cynical of the American Dream and of the elitist society, in a biased fashion that favours Gatsby. Conversely, Less Than Zero is a novel set in the 1980s and tells the story of affluent college students, who lead hedonistic lifestyles with the security of their parents’ wealth. Brett Easton Ellis’ first novel in his oeuvre is written during the years following the Vietnam War of economic prosperity in Reagan’s America and highlights the fragmented society caused by passionless relationships between friends and family and the lack of morality present in upper class America. The two novels contrast in the cities that they are set in; The Great Gatsby is set in New York’s Long Island, whilst Less Than Zero is set in California on the opposite coast of America. However the behaviour of the two generations is quite similar, and is reflective of the influence of money on higher-class society during the respective periods. In The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway is not only the narrator, but also a character that actively participates in the novel and it his opinion that dictates how the reader perceives other characters. One obvious example of this is in the novel’s title, as the epithet â€Å"Great† is used to describe a character that the reader has not yet met. This suggests that Nick Carraway idolizes Gatsby in some aspects and to some degree, aspires to what Gatsby represents. â€Å"†¦ Produced like the supper, no doubt, out of a caterers basket. This short extract is taken from a section where Nick is describing a lavish party that is frequently held by Gatsby. The metaphor implies that Gatsby is almost God-like in the way he is able to throw extravagant parties yet remains anonymous to those that attend. During the 1920’s, there was a period of what was known as prohibition, where all alcohol was banned, and yet people are often described drinking throughout The Great Gatsby. This could be a condemnation of upper class society, as it suggests they are just as immoral, if not more so, than the lower classes. Fitzgerald himself went from a family of mediocrity to a sudden rise in splendor through his writings, and can therefore relate to the awe that one might feel when acclimatizing to such a society. Less Than Zero’s narrator, Clay, does not represent its author in the same way as Nick does, however Easton-Ellis uses Clay to magnify the issues that surrounded affluent college students during the 80s. Clay often negatively portrays the actions of other characters, which can be seen as an act of hypocrisy. For example, â€Å"Because you both stole a quarter gram of cocaine from me the last time I left my door open. That’s why. † At this point, Clay accuses his sisters of stealing his cocaine, which they put down to him â€Å"leaving his door unlocked†. This may be a reference to the lack of privacy or a lack of trust within society to such a degree that one cannot trust even their closest family. Nick Carraway is arguably a biased narrator, through his romanticized and idealized description of the novel’s protagonist and adversely, his foil, Tom Buchanan. On their first encounter Nick describes Gatsby’s gestures with authority for example, He had one of those rare smiles with a quality of eternal reassurance in it, that you may come across four or five times in life. It faced, or seemed to face, the whole external world for an instant and then concentrated on you with an irresistible prejudice in your favor. It understood you just as far as you wanted to be understood, believed in you as you would like to believe in yourself† This quotation epitomizes Nick’s admiration for Gatsby before he has properly met him and implies that he has already formulated an opinion based upon rumours he has heard but also based on the party Gatsby invited him to. Once again, this is may be seen as a condemnation of American society by Fitzgerald who shows that capitalist and superficiality was a major factor in defining an individual. Gatsby’s flawless persona does deteriorate as the novel progresses and as Gatsby comes close to achieving his dream, however Nick appears to glaze over this and as a result, preserves Gatsby’s â€Å"greatness† to the reader. The use of the affectation â€Å"old sport† throughout Gatsby’s communication with Nick highlights a friendship that is neither formal nor informal but rather one of an illusionary nature. This is to say that Gatsby uses the affectation in order to evoke a more appealing, intellectual persona. Despite Nick seeing through his facade, he chooses to ignore the matter, instead only becomes more infatuated with what Gatsby represents. â€Å"What part of the Middle West? ’ I inquired casually. ’ ‘San Francisco’ ‘I see† It is apparent that Nick knows San Francisco is not in the Middle West but rather on the west coast yet he chooses not to argue as if Gatsby’s word is unequivocally truth. Claire Stocks puts this infatuation down to a likeness that both men share which is that â€Å"[both men] seem to be the victims of insufficient or thwarted inheritances†¦ They are both forced to work for their living†. It can be suggested that towards the end of Less Than Zero, Clay wants to leave this society as he narrates, â€Å"My eyes keep wandering off the screen and to the two green exit signs that hang over the two doors in the back of the theater† This occurs whilst Clay, Blair and Kim are in the cinema watching a â€Å"gory† film and highlights that Clay does in fact have some form of morality despite the actions that he part-takes in. Easton-Ellis reveals a character that is torn between being moral or following the hedonistic life he is so easily acclimatized to. Fitzgerald also uses Nick Carraway as a way of criticizing the society that he strives to be a part of. This is evident in Chapter 2, where Nick spends time with Tom, Myrtle and Mr. Wilson, â€Å"I was within and without, simultaneously enchanted and repelled by the inexhaustible variety of life. † At this point, Nick may be referring to the â€Å"variety† of classes that are present, as Myrtle and Mr. Wilson are of a lower class, himself of middle class and Tom from the upper echelons of society. It may be seen that Fitzgerald could not stand the behavior of the people he became associated with, however realized that their behavior was a result of what he sought after, in terms of the â€Å"American dream† and therefore feels â€Å"enchanted† by the hedonistic nature of the upper class. Nevertheless, Fitzgerald also highlights the vast socio-cultural divide between classes and as such presents the reader with an ambiguous view of fractured relationships. Clay also presents his own society with undertones of disdain, being cynical of the netherworld through his direct and succinct account of various events that take place. He rarely places emotion or opinion in his description of events and as a result, it seems that he is more of a trustworthy narrator. This is most evident when he recounts the viewing of a â€Å"snuff† movie, â€Å"It looks like a toolbox and I’m confused for a minute and Blair walks out of the room. And he takes out an ice pick and what looks like a wire hanger and a package of nails and then a thin, large knife and he comes toward the girl and Daniel smiles and nudges me in the ribs. † The repeated use of polysyndeton gives the reader the impression that Clay is not properly viewing the movie; instead, he is almost analyzing it as if it were a novel. The lack of sensory description also implies that Clay is trying to distance himself from this and that he sees the crude and disgusting nature of what he is being shown. At this time, snuff films had just been exposed and were not an unknown phenomenon. Therefore, Easton-Ellis may be suggesting that society has lost its moral compass/guidance, being reduced to ignoring such shocking acts. However, in spite of this, Clay does offer himself as a more intellectual individual compared to other characters, by the way he looks at the billboard that is titled â€Å"Disappear Here†. Evidently he does not choose to â€Å"disappear† and instead stays amongst the morally obsolete society that he is attached to and this ultimately leads to the denouement in which he is forced to leave his society. Both novels differ in the tone in which they are written though the contexts are very similar despite being in diverse decades. On the one hand, there is Nick who is biased towards one specific character and seems to show disdain for the society that he once strived for, and on the other, Clay, who has a more direct approach to narration and more expressively communicates the plot to the reader. Overall, the two narrators are used to convey to very different ideas that are relevant to their contexts. The Great Gatsby is narrated such that the reader is almost forced into liking Gatsby despite his clear superficiality, which is upheld by trivial objects such as â€Å"real books† and medals with â€Å"authentic looks†. Less Than Zero poses are more critical view of society, with the narrator becoming confused by the moral ambiguity and generally growing to hate the society that he belongs to as it has been reduced to individualism and by an large a fractured society whereby â€Å"people are afraid to merge†.

Pathophysiology- gasrtic acid stimulation on PUD,GERD,GASTRITIS Essay

Pathophysiology- gasrtic acid stimulation on PUD,GERD,GASTRITIS - Essay Example There are four main phases in the process of gastric acid production and these include basal phase which is constant acid release into the stomach. The cephalic phase involves the preparation for eating and acid secretion is triggered by impulses from higher CNS structures through CN X. Acid secretion in the gastric phase is due to distention of the abdomen and the intestinal phase is stimulated by amino acids and intestinal distension (Malfertheiner, 2009). There are several disorders that can occur as a result of hypersacidity which include peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux and gastritis. The acid accumulation in these cases is due to a series of aggressive factors such as alcohol, h. pylori and NSAIDs. For example in patients with hyperacid dyspepsia due to Helicobacter pylori there is an increase in gastrin production which stimulates the the parietal cells to produce HCl. Dietary factors and consumption of alcohol leads to stimulation of gastric mucosa leading to hypersecretion of acid from the parietal cells (Patel & Gyawali, 2012). Genetics have a role to play in the development of PUD, gastritis and GERD due to several reasons. Firstly, hyperacid dyspepsia can be a genetic condition whereby an individual naturally produces an elevated amount of acid therefore making him or her predisposed to developing the above mentioned conditions. Other genetic conditions such as hyperpepsinogemenia play a role in the development of peptic ulcer disease. Genetic defects of lower esophageal sphincter function also predispose an individual to GERD. Autoimmune disorders, cancers and allergic reactions increase an individual’s chances of developing peptic ulcers or gastritis (Patel & Gyawali,

Tbd Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Tbd - Essay Example In addition, Frank (with a large commercial law firm In Brussels) has helped negotiate a suitable site on the edge of the industrial area, just in a strategic position- industrial park of the town-which could most likely be a suitable location for the business. This will make it possible for the commissioning and construction of new factories for the company. It is possible to built friendships and customer base in Belgium as it has been the case in Holland. Business experts say that every business must grow slowly and it should be given enough time to do so. A good customer relationship is developed when the company (ESC Electronica) provides better services for the people in the new country. In doing so, the company will be able to form a strong customer base just as it has been the case in the native country. In addition, Jan is not leaving his business entirely but it will be possible for him to conquer other international markets for the betterment of the company. As for the case of family matters, it will be prudent for Marguereet to combine her family life and the business which will keep the whole family financially stable. The best approach you (Jan) can use is to call family meeting and discuss the broad aspects of the business starting with the business plan, goals and objectives, family issues (togetherness, retirement and ot her external factors that need to be addressed affecting the family) and more pressing challenges and opportunities for the businesses in context of increased competition. The strategy of bringing the whole family on board is considered a best option in a case where the family is undergoing any kind of turmoil. Failure to convince the children for example Frank need to put his priorities right for further future prospects. Marguereet is already a graduate with enough knowledge on