Social Darwinism in American Politics Essays - 1199 Words

Introduction Social Darwinism is a quasi-philosophical, quasi-religious, quasi-sociological view that came from the mind of Herbert Spencer, an English philosopher in the 19th century. It did not achieve wide acceptance in England or Europe, but flourished in this country, as is true of many ideologies, religions, and philosophies. A good summary of Social Darwinism is by Johnson: In these years, when Darwins Origin of Species, popularized by Herbert Spencer as quot;the survival of the fittest, quot; and applied to races as well as species in a vulgarized form, Social Darwinism, the coming Christian triumph was presented as an Anglo-Saxon Protestant one. Social Darwinism is by no means dead, for vestiges of it can be found in the†¦show more content†¦(That is, they were not of the same kind, type or variety.) What this seemed to mean to Darwin was biological evolution. Organisms better suited to their environment gained some survival advantage and passed their genetically transmitted advantages to their offsprings. Darwin thought that this process was extremely slow and even. In fact, we became aware that it is neither slow nor even: there are examples of a good deal of change in a short period of time; and there are examples of very little change over a long period of time. Nor did Darwin understand the mechanism by which the transmission took place. This was to be figured out by Gregor Mendel, Thomas Hunt Morgan, DeVries and in our own time, Watson and Crick who deduced the spiral shape of the DNA molecule. Darwins discoveries struck his native England, as well as Europe, and this country with an enormous impact. They ran into total conflict with the idea of special creation, which one can find in the Book of Genesis, especially Chapter I and II. The emotional impact of Darwins discoveries have not abated. The Misapplication of a Biological Theory But, for our purposes, it is the use to which some people made of biological evolution which concerns us. Some simplified the idea to quot;survival of the fittest.quot; Others believed that an identical process took place among human beings. They believed that white Protestant Europeans had evolvedShow MoreRelatedAmeric Land Of Oppression1175 Words   |  5 Pagesshared opinion causes the underlying discontent: the president-elect is not supportive of the multiple demographics that compose the United States. There is a feeling of underrepresentation from these minority groups who have been long overlooked in politics. The protest is not a cry for help but a demand for change. The massive police force surrounds the protesters attempting to block their march. This border between the two opposing sides is a symbolic reminder of the ongoing power struggle, of theRead MoreThe Many Faces Of Social Darwinism1496 Words   |  6 Pages Kimberly Hollman HIS356K March 3, 2016 The Many Faces of Social Darwinism Hollman 1 of 5 The second half of the 19th century was a time of great flux in the United States. The impact of the Civil War perturbed all spheres of American domestic life, leaving its citizens in a state of anxiety regarding their beliefs, government, and even their fellow man. These changes happened concurrently with advances in the sciences: on the eve of the Civil War, Charles Darwin published his influential On theRead MoreThe Great Impact On Intellectual And Artistic Endeavors And Theses Ideas Essay1262 Words   |  6 Pagesdecades following the Civil War as the United States was changing from a primarily agricultural to an industrialized nation the American intellectual landscapes were changing in equally important ways. New ideas in the worlds of literature, science and philosophy were having great impact on intellectual and artistic endeavors and theses ideas were not just influencing the social elites but also America’s growing mass of ordinary, literate citizens. This influen ce would set in motion a change in massRead MoreThe Theory Of Biological Evolution1192 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Darwinism is defined as the application of the theory of biological evolution to human affairs. It was used to justify and clarify many notions of nationalism and imperialism. Science played a huge role in the coming about of this new discovery but in reality, the society shaped the science of what it was about. Charles Darwin was the root of new era and was profound to come up with the theory of evolution. His theory had become one the fundamental unifying principles of modern biology andRead MoreCall Of The Wild : A Zeitgeist Of Naturalism1243 Words   |  5 Pages During the Gilded Age, the ideas of Social Darwinism take hold. Social Darwinism is â€Å"a term scholars use to describe the practice of misapplying the biological evolutionary language of Charles Darwin to politics, the economy, and society† (â€Å"Social Darwinism in the Gilded Age†). But how is London’s novel a zeitgeist of Naturalism? Jack London’s The Call of the Wild is a zeitgeist of Naturalism with its usage of Atavism, and a key ideology of Social Darwinism, which is the survival of the fittestRead MorePresident Reagan Essay797 Words   |  4 PagesChloe Carr Professor Blodgett History 271 May 14 2013 Social Darwinism Shaping Reaganomics Ronald Reagan made many economic decisions that supported his beliefs in Social Darwinism throughout his presidency. Social Darwinism is considered to be the ideas of struggle for existence and  Ã¢â‚¬Å"survival of the fittest,† a term coined by Herbert Spencer in order  to justify social policies. Over time the individuals with superior biological characteristics will dominate populations that this superRead MoreSocial Darwinism Is An Ideology Of Society1566 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Darwinism is an ideology of society that seeks to apply biological concepts of the laws of evolution by natural selection of evolutionary theory to sociology and politics, often with the assumption that conflict between groups in society leads to social progress as superior groups outcompete inferior ones. How we got to the point of coining the modern term of â€Å"Social Darwinism† we would have to turn to the famous man himself, Charles Darwin. At first glance, Charles Darwin seems an unlikelyRead MoreThe Assassination Of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.1304 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Depression was present in every aspect of society from the richest CEO to the poorest pauper. Although the Great Depression dampened the American mood, it created a desire for security and stability in the United States while ultimately uniting the country politically through aspirations of reformation, economically through expanding Social Darwinism, widening the wealth gap, and socially through an optimistic attitude. The Great Depression began in 1929 and lasted until 1939, and its effectsRead MoreThe Theory Of Progressive Evolution1726 Words   |  7 Pagesin particular earlier Christian apologetics focusing on the complexity of nature as evidence for God such as that of William Paley s analogy of the supposedly irreducible complexity of nature. Micheal Shermer similarly outlined the emphasis Neo-Darwinism placed on constant reiteration of the importance of Darwin s â€Å"idea†, defined as a singular, revolutionary entity within the history of science that was first exclusively formed in 1837 and confirmed by others8 in the progressive vein of Thomas SRead More Spoon River in History Essay1062 Words   |  5 Pagesthe different social, economical, and political trend and influences throughout the United States. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The city of Spoon River went through many of the same social trends that the United States experienced like social Darwinism and the change in woman roles in society. The idea of social Darwinism had its part in the country as well as in Spoon River. In Spoon River Anthology the character Felix Schmidt found out the hard way of the concept of social Darwinism where only the

The Way the Media Influence Our Lives - 1365 Words

Are we influenced by the media, if yes how much? Sociologist and Psychologist contemplate that question often. The media has been accused of causing violent behavior, negative racial stereotyping and negative body perceptions mostly among young girls. No one can deny that the media has an effect on society, but is the media just giving society what he or she wants? Has the media taken away our ability to think for ourselves critically? We are constantly feed information from the newspapers, television news and weekly news magazines most of us believing without question because we believe the source credible. In 1989 while jogging in central park a women was brutally attacked raped and beaten. I remember the incident well†¦show more content†¦Society trust in what is being said to them by the familiar face on the 5 Oclock and the 11 Oclock news. When we read of a violent crime in the newspapers while on our way to work. When we hear of a violent crime being reported to us while setting in front of our television set. We want to believe the suspect being held is guilty without contemplating all the facts. Society should then ask is the media just giving us what we want. Some 98% of U.S. households have at least one television set (Meyrowitz, 1995) and the TV is on for over seven hours each day in the average U.S. household (Harless, 1990). The dominant American leisure activity is watching TV (Schwartz.1990). Knowing these facts the question is does the media just give the public what they think we want? Are we the public being unfair blaming the media for violence in our society? On April 20th, 1999 in Littleton, Colorado the school day was interrupted by blasts of gunfire when two young men began shooting at fellow students. They were armed with automatic-weapons and explosive. When it was all over they had claim as many as 25 lives, including their own. They left at least 20 people injured student and teacher included. The week before the Columbine shooting only three news shows were ranked in the top 20 slots of the Nielsen ratings. During the week of the incident, five news shows were ranked in the top 10 and another four in the top 20. When the shooting ceased and peopleShow MoreRelated the way the media influence our lives Essays1338 Words   |  6 Pages Are we influenced by the media, if yes how much? Sociologist and Psychologist contemplate that question often. The media has been accused of causing violent behavior, negative racial stereotyping and negative body perceptions mostly among young girls. No one can deny that the media has an effect on society, but is the media just giving society what he or she wants? Has the media taken away our ability to think for ourselves critically? We are constantly feed information from the newspapers, televisionRead MoreMedia s Influence On Society1256 Words   |  6 PagesThe media are full of countless things, they have completely changed the world we live in and are now a part of our everyday lives (Bookman, 64). With television, radio, newspapers, books, etc†¦ working their way into our everyday lives it is almost impossible to live without the media. Along wit h it being persuasive, informative and a great source for entertainment, it also has a large binding influence on societies all over the world. Media aspects are radically reshaping the world (Marina 240)Read MoreMedia s Influence On Society1269 Words   |  6 Pages The media is full of countless things, it has completely changed the world and is now a part of our everyday lives (Bookman, 64). With television, radio, newspapers, books, etc†¦ working their way into our everyday lives it is impossible to live without the media today. Along with it being persuasive, informational and a great source for entertainment it also has a large binding influence on societies all over the world. Media aspects are radically reshaping the world (Marina 240) and though someRead MoreObesity : The Disease Of The 21st Century947 Words   |  4 Pagesmany factors in today’s society that contribute to this growing epidemic including media, technology and demographics. With the media having more influence over our daily habits now more than ever, it is extremely easy to slip into a lifestyle that will lead to weight related health issues. By examining the ways the media influences our daily lives, one can see that the media began as a bad influence for our unhealthy lifestyles and, that changes are being made to improve this impact. PreventionRead MoreMedia s Effect On Society1084 Words   |  5 PagesOver the years media has had an intense effect on society, an effect so immense we don’t even notice its presence sometimes. Media is crucial to any society; we are all surrounded by media. Each and every day people interact with media of many forms. Media is generally defined as being a channel of communication. We as a society absorb media from a wide variety of forms such as television, radio, magazines, newspapers, billboards and the internet. These are referred to as ‘mass’ media, because theyRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Our Society Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesInfluences of Media on our Society There is no doubt that the media influences us. To state some examples to prove this claim, try answering the questions that follow. Do you feel like attempting a stunt from a movie? Do you base your fashion on what you see the celebrities are wearing? Do you copy the hairstyle of your favorite famous personalities? Have you ever attempted to walk model-like in an attempt to imitate those ramp models in fashion shows? If you answered yes to any of these questionsRead MoreMedias Influence on Children Essay1324 Words   |  6 PagesThe powerful media is considered a leading influence in our society both directly and indirectly. Media is available and readily accessible today more easily than ever. Printed materials, television, sound recordings, internet, and radio all fall under the umbrella of the big bad – or seemingly bad word – media. Is media bad? How is it controlled? And where does this all stem from†¦? These are some of the major concerns parents are faced with in raising children in today’s times. Although mostRead MoreMass Media and Popular Culture1367 Words   |  6 PagesHow has mass media a created a relationship among popular culture, mass media and different forms of dissemination? Mass media is any form of communication used to reach a large group of people. There are different types of media; examples of media are magazines, movies, television, books, recording devices, radio and the internet. As time goes on, new and improved technology is developed in the mass media industry for communicating and entertainment purposes. As mass media continues to grow andRead More Media and Society Essay519 Words   |  3 Pages Media and Society Does society influence media or does media influence society? In a modern world, dependent on continuous communication this is a very important question. If the world were not dependent on communication over large distances, schooling on a mass basis would not be possible or necessary. Most knowledge in traditional cultures was local knowledge, (Geertz 1983) traditions that were passed on through a local community, a very slow and long drawn outRead MoreEssay studying media1100 Words   |  5 Pagesworld, beyond our immediate experience, comes to us through the media. Media studies gives us the tools to respond thoughtfully and critically to media content, and recognise media productions as deliberate constructions rather than windows on reality. The ‘mediated’ society in which we live, is heavily shaped by the transfer of information. Many of our values, our ideas, and our knowledge of the world come from beyond our individual daily or immediate experience, usually via the media. They play

The Cold War Between The United States Of America And The...

The Cold War between the United States of America and the Soviet Union was not only a battle of political conflict but also a rivalry to spread political ideology and influence worldwide. Various pieces of propaganda and articles written during the time had largely impacted American popular opinion and had powerful effects on the culture among young men and women of the 1940’s and 1950’s. â€Å"The Red Iceberg† comic book cover, published and presented during the Cold War era, was one use of media that perpetuated the negative effects of Soviet Union political influence while promoting the righteousness of the United States. The visual rhetoric presented in â€Å"The Red Iceberg† propaganda, and others alike, instigated an emotional and fearful†¦show more content†¦As it sails forward in the sea, it approaches a red iceberg—marked with the Soviet Union hammer and sickle. Along the side of the iceberg there are gravestones with all the names of countries that have fallen under Communist influence. The first aspect of this image that conveys Cold War ideology is the iceberg itself. The red color of the iceberg is the oldest symbol of communism, conveying reference to the Soviet Union’s â€Å"red flag† and â€Å"red army†. The negativity associated with the Soviet Union—thus, the color red—allows the iceberg in the propaganda to become a symbol of Communism and despair. The iceberg itself is the largest and most brightly colored illustration on the cover, compelling the viewer to focus on this structure of â€Å"evil† ideology and representation of Communism over any other aspect. The gravestones resting along the iceberg represent death and doom to nations that cecum to Communist influence (this includes North Korea, Poland, Hungary, China, etc.). This becomes a visual representation of the power Communist possessed worldwide during the Cold War; â€Å"like a persistent toy aut omobile wound up and headed in a given direction† (although in this case, an iceberg) â€Å"stopping only when it meets with some unanswerable force† (Kennan 2), the threat of Communism is made prominent to the comic book’s readers. Should Uncle Sam fail to steer clear of the red iceberg, an inevitable death is

Jit for Healthcare free essay sample

Analysis Rob Wehrman, Manager, 3M Supply Chain Optimization Modeling Expertise Center 3 Agenda Introduction Basics Concepts in Supply Chain and Manufacturing Just-in-Time Manufacturing Concepts Warehouse and Transportation Considerations Conclusions Questions  © 3M 2006 All Rights Reserved 3 General Supply Chain Processes Demand Information Material Flow Material Flow Material Flow Typical Supply Chain Network Model Supplier Manufacturing Distribution Customer Delay Delay Delay Planning Planning Planning Planning Forecasted Demand and/or Orders Information Planning Types of Manufacturing Processes: Batch Most prevalent Planned quantity of one product Many different products made on same equipment Economic situation determines an optimal batch size Products are run in a logical sequence to optimize process Lead time includes waiting in queue and processing time  © 3M 2006 All Rights Reserved 3 Types of Manufacturing Processes: Flow Not as prevalent Single product production Very low variability Equipment usually runs at a steady pace Lead time is short as product is available all the time Capacity is expensive and hard to increase 3M 2006 All Rights Reserved 3 Manufacturing Capacity Usually fixed at a rate determined by equipment

Australia Recognised Rights Of Aboriginal †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Australia Recognized Rights Of Aboriginal? Answer: Introduction Mabo and others v Queensland (No 2) (1992) or Mabo case has been a significant case in Australian legislative. For this case, the high court made their historical decision on 3rd June 1992. This case was based on recognising the rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples since they were living in Australia for 40 to 60 thousand years before the British arrive. The case was led by Eddie Mabo which eventually changed the doctrine of terra nullius. The high court of Australia recognised the rights of Aboriginal peoples because it shows their unique relationship with the land. The decision provided by the the high court does not improved the situation of aboriginal peoples. The high court also introduced a guideline to prove the legitimacy of an indigenous community. Most of the aboriginal people did not get satisfied with the judgement of the high court. This essay will discuss the various important elements of the case and analyse its result. Further, the essay will evaluate the legal impact of Mabo case and its effect on the lives of Aboriginal peoples. Mabo Case The Mabo case is one of the most popular and important cases in Australia. The judgement of this case was given by the high court on 3rd June, after a decade long litigation. The judgement was based on reversing the doctrine of terra nullius, which did not recognise the land rights of Aboriginal peoples. The doctrine of terra nullius was based on British law, which provided that all the regulation of England will apply to a new land. According to Short (2012), the court provided that this doctrine does not apply in case of Australia since aboriginal peoples are living for more than 40 to 60 thousand years before the British reaches. The court provided that in order to apply terra nullius the lands should not be barren or inhabited, instead the land should be civilised. The existing customary law of peoples must be acceptable of England law to the extent that their own customary laws are not being modified or excluded due to inconsistency with England law. The action against the doctrine was led by Eddie Mabo, who was a Torres Strait Islander. According to the book of Loos and Mabo (2013), Mabo believes that the Australian law does not recognise the land ownership of Aboriginal people. In his childhood, the Torres Strait Islands were rigorously regulated by Queensland administration. He made a speed explaining the situation of aboriginal peoples and their ownership over the land of Torres Strait Islands. A lawyer heard the speech and ask Mabo to challenge the Australian government to properly establish their land ownership right. This case was important since it identifies the ownership right of Aboriginal peoples over their land which was taken by British without any payment or contract. As per Kennedy (2012), the Mer Islanders decided that Eddie Mabo will lead their suit to challenge the principles of terra nullius. The case ran for 10 years and on 3rd June 1992, the high court provided their decision that principle of terra nullius should not apply over Australia. As per Hayward (2012), the decision recognised the land ownership rights of Aboriginal peoples in the Torres Strait Islands, the same right which was established before British arrival will still be applicable. The high court introduced the conception of native title and recognised that some indigenous peoples have right and interest over certain lands due to their traditional regulations and customs (Council et al. 2015). The Australian parliament in order to establish the interest of aboriginal peoples in their lands passed Native Title Act in 1993. The judgement of Mabo case was known as Mabo decision. The Mabo case has considered as a historical case which gives victory to indigenous peoples in Australia. But several other indigenous peoples did not consider it as a victory. As per Chaney (2016), the judgement given by the high court was considered as one of the most controversial judgement. Various groups such as mining show their disagreement towards the decision because it would cost them more and time to extend their leases and many of their applications will be rejected. On the other hand, indigenous peoples were celebrating the opportunity of apologise against the treatment received by them. The Mabo decision granted certain right regarding the lands back to indigenous peoples but most Aboriginal peoples were not affected by the decision. The court provided various requirements which have to be fulfilled by an Aboriginal person in order to claim their right over a land. Many people consider such requirements as unfair against them. In 1996, the high court provided another landmark judgement which provided that the native title did not certainly get extinguish due to a pastoral lease. According to Holmes (2014), the aboriginal people may access to their leased rural lands if they provide significant proof of their claim thought ancestral and customary connection. In other words, if an indigenous person can establish his native title over a leased land through customary and ancestral evidence, then they can have the title of land even when there is a lease going on over it. This decision was known as Wik decision, and this judgement significantly aggravates the conservative Australia. The media coverage of this judgement backlashed and broadens the gap between land owners and indigenous peoples (Maddison 2012). The aboriginal people consider the lands Mother Earth and they had a strong bond with their lands. They build their homes, hunt food and raise their families over the same lands. They traveled freely around the country and visit various sites. As per Carmichael et al. (2013), there were several sacred sites which were considered as the dreaming by their ancestors. But it all changed in 1788 when British arrive in Australia, they were considered as white man. The first colonisers arrive in Australia and claim aboriginals lands as their own. According to the book of Montagu (2013), the first colonisers also established a system of government and regulations, the aboriginal peoples were unfamiliar with these laws. These laws did not benefit Aboriginal peoples; instead, it took their land from them and left them with nothing. The aboriginals peoples suffered due to loss of their land, therefore, they fight back to claim their ancestors land back. According to Cullen (2012), other than Mabo case, there have been several other attempts by aboriginal peoples to establish their land ownership right. In Milirrpum others v Nabalco Pty Ltd (1971) case, a suit has been taken against Nabalco Corporation to dismiss a 12-year mining lease. The arguments of the case provided that federal government did not have right to give the lease to organisations on lands which belong to aboriginal peoples. Justice Blackburn provided that there is no legal native right of aboriginal people over the lands and even if there were a law, the rights of native people were distinguished. This decision was overruled after two decades when the right of ownership of lands was provided back to aboriginal peoples in Mabo case. After the judgement of Mabo case in 1992, 126 native land title claims have been filled in the courts, in more than 90 of such claims, the native title did not get established over lands. Various communities have been established as original custodian of their ancestry lands such as south-west Victoria, Pilbara, Torres Strait and Northern territory. But a maximum number of custodian claims has been rejected by the court. Unfortunately, hundreds of land claims are waiting for trial and many people are forced to wait for years before the commencement of their trial (Gumbert 2013). Although the aboriginal peoples now have certain legal rights towards their ownership in lands, this right was based on fulfillment of certain guidelines. An aboriginal person has to meet those guidelines in order to establish their claim on the certain land. As per Glaskin and Weiner (2013), most of the land in Northern Territory that can be claimed by Aboriginal people were semi-desert or outside the towns boundaries. Most of the claims of aboriginal people were rejected by the administration, and they have to prove their legal ownership over the lands under their customary laws. They have to prove under Aboriginal regulations that they have a duty towards certain sacred sites which they are trying to claim. In South Australia, there are other rules and necessities for an Aboriginal person to fulfill, in order to establish their claim over a certain land. Many principles of Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act was applied on an Aboriginal person when they claim their ownership over certain land. The people of Anangu Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara get only a title of 10 percent in South Australia. The land of Anangu Pitjantjatjara was established in the north and on the south of it Maralinga Lands were situated. Maralinga Lands were used by British for their nuclear tests. The aboriginal people get the land due to the regulations of Maralinga Tjarutja Land Rights Act (Hallam 2014). The Native Title Act passed by Parliament does give Aboriginal peoples right to claim their lands, but they will receive the land after completion of mining leases. Even if a land is effectively claimed by an Aboriginal person, they do not have right on the progress of such land such as mining royalties. The act does not provide right to all the indigenous communities and various communities are left with no rights over their lands, such as Yorta Yorta. Another problem arises due to division in various aboriginal peoples communities. Instead of being united, most communities fight to establish their claim over certain lands. Due to such fights, it has become tough for people to prove their claim. According to Muriel Bamblett, an aboriginal leader, these changes have caused tension between families; most of them are not even talking with each other (Savage and Gair 2014). Gary Foley, a speaker of the aboriginal community called the Mobe judgement ultimate act of dispossession since 1788. According to the book of Foley, Schaap, and Howell (2013), he said that high court has simply provided a tiny olive branch to indigenous communities and the legal rights of lands are still remains with white land owners. The purpose of the movement was to get legal land right, but instead, Aboriginal communities have got native titles. According to him, these native titles provided by the court to aboriginal peoples are entirely symbolic, and they are completely different from actual legal land rights. The judgement of the high court has legitimised the dispassion process by giving the native title to aboriginal peoples and legal right to white land owners. The court does provide land ownership to some communities, but they have to prove their ownership of the land upon some cultural connection, that is established by the High court and most of the cases are still pen ding in court. Conclusion From the above essay, it can be concluded that Mabo case judgement has been important in establishing the rights of aboriginal peoples in Australian law. The judgement recognises the right of aboriginal people over their lands and gives them the opportunity to claim their right. But for the most part, the situation of aboriginal people has not changed. The act recognises the right but in order to claim any land, an aboriginal person has to prove many guidelines. Most of such guidelines are difficult to prove and a maximum number of claims get rejected by the government. The decision of Mabo case does seem like a win for Aboriginal peoples in the beginning but actually, it does nothing to improve their situation. Still, it is significantly tough for aboriginal peoples to claim their right over a land and even after proving their claim, they are not entitled to benefits such as mining royalties. References Carmichael, D.L., Hubert, J., Reeves, B. and Schanche, A. eds., 2013.Sacred sites, sacred places(Vol. 23). Routledge. Chaney, F., 2016. Innovation in the rangelands: the role of people.The Rangeland Journal,37(6), pp.535-540. Council, K.L., Council, R.V., Council, G.I.S.S. and Council, T.S., 2015. What is Native Title?. Cullen, R., 2012. Mabo V Queensland. Foley, G., Schaap, A. and Howell, E. eds., 2013.The aboriginal tent embassy: sovereignty, black power, land rights and the state. Routledge. Glaskin, K. and Weiner, J., 2013.Customary Land Tenure and Registration in Australia: Anthropological Perspectives(p. 306). ANU Press. GUMBERT, M., 2013. Aboriginal Land Rights and Traditional Land Tenure in Australia.La terre et l'homme: Espaces et ressources convoits, entre le local et le global, p.75. Hallam, S.J., 2014.Fire and hearth: a study of Aboriginal usage and European usurpation in south-western Australia. Apollo Books. Hayward, P., 2012. Aquapelagos and aquapelagic assemblages.Shims: The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures,6(1), p.1. Holmes, J., 2014. Explorations in Australian legal geography: the evolution of lease tenures as policy instruments.Geographical Research,52(4), pp.411-429. Kennedy, D., 2012. Eddie Mabo, the man who changed Australia.Magazine. BBC News,6. Loos, N. and Mabo, E.K., 2013.Eddie Koiki Mabo: His Life and Struggle for Land Rights. Univ. of Queensland Press. Maddison, S., 2012. Postcolonial guilt and national identity: Historical injustice and the Australian settler state.Social Identities,18(6), pp.695-709. Montagu, A., 2013.Coming into being among the Australian Aborigines: The procreative beliefs of the Australian Aborigines. Routledge. Savage, D. and Gair, S., 2014. Hearing and understanding the past in order to strengthen the future. Primrose Hall. Short, D., 2012. When sorry isnt good enough: Official remembrance and reconciliation in Australia.Memory Studies,5(3), pp.293-304.